Table compiled by Tilak R. Dhiman, American Grassfed Association meeting -2005

 

Table 1. Physiological functions of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)

 

Function/Model used                                                                                                Reference

 

Carcinogenesis

      ▼ Chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats                              1, 2, 3, 4

      ▼ Growth of transplantable breast cancer tumor cells in

      nude mice                                                                                                            5, 6

      ▼ Growth of transplantable prostate cancer tumor cells in

      nude mice                                                                                                            7

      ▼ Stages of chemically induced skin tumorigenesis in mice                        8, 9

      ▼ Chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rats                          10

      ▼ Chemically induced forestomach carcinogenesis                         11

      ► Carcinogenesis in Min mice                                                                         12

Adipogenesis

▼ Chicks, mice and rats                                                                                    13, 14, 15, 16

      ▼ Human subjects                                                                                              17, 18

► Human (woman 20-41 years age)                                                               19

► Weaned piglets fed high fat diet                                                                  20

► Fatty acid and glycerol metabolism in healthy weight-stable       

women Zambell et al. 2001)                                                                              21

Atherosclerosis

▼ Aortic plaque formation in hamster                                                              22

▼ Aortic atherosclerosis in rabbit                                                                    23, 24, 25

Diabetic effects

▼ Onset of diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty male rats                                  26

▲ Glucose tolerance and transport                                                                  27

▼ Insulin sensitivity in mice                                                                               28

Immune functions

▲ Damage protection and lymphocyte proliferation in

nursery pigs                                                                                                         29, 30

► Young healthy women                                                                                    31

▼ Eicosanoid and lJ.istamine production                                                       32, 33

▲ Onset of lupus in mouse model                                                                    34

▲ Mitochondria protection from free radicals in rat liver                                35

Bone formation

      ▼ Eicosanoid production in rats                                                                       36

▲ Collagen synthesis in rats                                                                             37

 

▲ = increased;  ▼ = decreased;   ► = no effect.


 

References

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2. Ip, C., Scimeca, J. A., & Thompson, H. (1995). Effect of timing and duration of dietary

            conjugated linoleic acid on mammary cancer prevention. Nutr. Cancer, 24:241-247.

3. Ip, C., Briggs, S. P., Haegele, A. D., Thompson, H. J., Storkson, J., & Scimeca, J. A. (1996).

            The efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid in mammary cancer prevention is independent of

            the level or type of fat in the diel. Carcinogenesis, 17:1045-1050.

4. Ip, C., Dong, Y., Thompson, H. J., Bauman, D. E., & Jp, M. M. (2001). Control of rat

            mammary epithelium proliferation by conjugated linoleic acid. Nutr. Cancer, 39:233-238.

5. Hubbard, N. E., Lim, D., Summers, L., & Erickson, K. L. (2000). Reduction of murine mammary tumor

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6. Visonneau, S., Cesano, A., Tepper, S. A., Scimeca, J. A., Santoli, D., & Kritchevsky, D.

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7. Cesano, A., Visonneau, S., Scimeca, J. A., Kritchevsky, D., & Santoli, D. (1998). Opposite

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8. Belury, M. A., Nickel, K. P., Bird, C. E., & Wu, Y. (1996). Dietary conjugated linoleic acid

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9. Ha, Y. L., Grimm, N. K., & Pariza, M. W. (1987). Anticarcinogens from fried ground beef:

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10. Liew, C., Schut, H. A. J., Chin, S. F.; Pariza, M. W., & Dashwood, R. H. (1995). Protection of

            conjugated linoleic acid against 2-amino-3-methylimidazol[4,5-f]quinoline-induced colon

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11. Ha, Y. L., Storkson, J. M., Pariza, M. W. (1990). Inhibition of benzo(a)pyrene-induced Mouse

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12. Petrick, M. B. H., McEntee, M. F., Johnson, B. T., Obukowicz, M. G., Whelan, J. (2000).

            Highly unsaturated ~-3) fatty acids, but not a-linoleic or v-linoleic acids, reduce

            tumorigenisis in APC ,rb mice. J. Nutr., 130:2434-2443.

13. Park, Y., Storkson, J. M., Albright, K. J., Liu, W., & Pariza, M. W. (1999). Evidence that the

            trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid induces body composition changes in

            mice. Lipids, 34:235-241 .

14. Cook, M. E., Miller, C. C., Park, Y., & Pariza, M. W. (1993). Immune modulation by altered

            nutrient metabolism: nutritional control of immune-induced growth depression. Poultry

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15. Park, Y., Albright, K. J., Liu, W., Storkson, J. M., Cook, M. E., & Pariza, M. W. (1997). Effect

            of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice. Lipids, 32 (8):853-858.

16. Sisk, M., Hausman, D., Martin, R., & Azain, M. (2001). Dietary conjugated linoleic acid

            reduces adiposity in lean but not obese Zucker rats. J. Nutr., 131:1668-1674.

17. Smedman, A., & Vessby, B. (2001). Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans­

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18. Thom, E., Wadstein, J., & Gudmundson, O. (2001). Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat

            in healthy exercising humans. J. Inl. Med. Res., 29:392-396.

19. Zambell, K. L., Keim, N. L., Van Loan, M. D., Gale, B., & Benito, P. (2000). Conjugated

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            expenditure. Lipids, 35:777-782.

20. Demaree, S. R., Gilber, C. D., Mersmann, H. J., & Smith, S. B. (2002). Conjugated linoleic

            acid differentially modifies fatty acid composition in subcellular fractions of muscle and

            adipose tissue but not adiposity of poslweanling pigs. J. Nutr., 132: 3272-3279.

21. Munday, J. S., Thompson, K. G., & James K. A. C. (1999). Dietary conjugated linoleic acids

            promote fatty streak fomnation in the C57BU6 mouse atherosclerosis model. Br. J. Nutr.,

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22. Wilson, T. A., Nicolosi, R. J., Chrysam, M., & Kritchevsky, D. (2000). Conjugated linoleic acid reduces

early aortic atherosclerosis greater than linoleic acid in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Nutr. Res., 20:1795-1805.

23. Lee, K. N., Kritchevsky, D., & Pariza, M. W. (1994). Conjugated linoleic acid and

            atherosclerosis in rabbits. Atherosclerosis, 108:19-25.

24. Kritchevsky, D. (2000). Antimutagenic and some olher effects of conjugated linoleic acid. Br.

            J. Nutr., 83: 459-465.

            25. Kritchevsky, D. (2003). Conjugated linoleic acid in experimental atherosclerosis. In: Sebedio,

            J., Christei, W. W., & Adolf, R. (Eds.), Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research.

            Vol. 2, pp. 292-301. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press.

26. Houseknecht, K. L., Vanden Heuvel, J. P., Moya-Camarena, S. Y., Portocarrero, C. P., Peck, L. W.,

Nickel, K. P., & Belury, M. A. (1998). Dietary conjugated linoleic acid normalizes impaired glucose tolerance in the Zucker diabetic fatty fa/fa rat. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Comm., 244:678-682.

27. Belury, M. A. (2002). Dietary conjugated linoleic acid in health: Physiological effects and           mechanisms of action. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 22:505-531.

28. Tsuboyama-Kasaoka, N., Takahashi, M., Tanemura, K., Kim, H., Tange, T., Okuyama, H., Kasai, M.,

Ikeoto, S., & Ezaki, O. (2000). Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces adipose tissue by apoptosis and develops lipodystrophy in mice. Diabetes, 49:1534-1542.

29. Bassaganaya-Riera, B., Hontecillas-Magarzo, R., Bregendahl, K., Wannenmuehler, M. J., & Zimmerman,

D. R. (2001). Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid in nursery pigs of dirty and clean environments on growth, empty body composition, and immune competence. J. Anim. Sct., 79:714-721.

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enhances immune responses but protects against the collateral damage of immune events. In: Sebedio, J., Christie, W. W., & Adolf, R. (Eds.), Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research. Vol. 2, pp. 283-291. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press.

31. Kelley, D. S., Taylor, P.C., Rudolph, I. L., Benito, P., Nelson, G. J., Mackey, B. E. & Erickson, K. L. (2000).

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid did not alter immune status in young healthy women. Lipids, 35:1065-1071.

32. Whigham, L. D., Cook, E. B., Stahl, J. L., Saban, R., Bjorling, D. E., Pariza, M. W., & Cook, M. E. (2001).

CLA reduces antigen-induced histamine and PGE(2) release from sensitized guinea pig tracheae. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Regulatory Integrative Physiol., 280:R908­912.

33. Sugano, M., Tsuijita, A., Yamasaki, M., Noguchi, M., & Yamada, K. (1998). Conjugated linoleic acid

modulates tissue levels of chemical mediators and immunoglobulins in rats. Lipids, 33:521-527.

34. Yang M., Pariza, M. W., & Cook, M.E. (2000). Dietary conjugated linoleic acid protectrs against end stage

disease of lupus erythematosus in the NZBIW F1 mouse. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 22:433-449.

35. Palacios, A., Piergiacomi, V., & Catala, A. (2003). Antioxidant effect of conjugated linoleic acid and

vitamin A during non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes and mitochondria. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 250:107-113.

36. Li, Y. & Watkins, B. A. (1998). Conjugated linoleic acids alter bone fatty acid composition and reduce ex

vivo prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis in rats fed n-6 or n-3 fatty acids. Lipids, 33:417-425.

37. Watkins, B. A., Li, Y., & Seifert, M. F. (1999). Bone metabolism and dietary cnjugated linoleic acid. In:

Yurawecz, M. P., Mossoba, M. M., Kramer, J. K. G, Pariza, M. W., & Nelson, G. J. (eds.), Advances in Conjugated linoleic Acid Research, Volume 1, pp 253-275. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press.